Easy2Siksha Sample Papers
GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Quesons
B.A/B.Sc 5th Semester
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Comparave Polical Systems – UK & USA)
Based on 4-Year GNDU Queson Paper Trend (2021–2024)
Must-Prepare Quesons (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Comparave Government and Approaches)
1. David Easton’s System Approach
Appeared in: 2021 (Q2), 2023 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Always asked – Easton’s approach forms the foundaon of comparave polics. Oen
repeated directly or with slight variaon (e.g., “crically analyze” or “discuss in detail”).
2025 Smart Predicon Table
(Based on GNDU 2021–2024 Trend)
No.
Queson Topic
Years
Appeared
Probability for 2025
1
Meaning, Nature & Scope of Comparave
Government & Polics
2021–2024
(100%)
GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Answers
B.A/B.Sc 5th Semester
Easy2Siksha Sample Papers
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Comparave Polical Systems – UK & USA)
Based on 4-Year GNDU Queson Paper Trend (2021–2024)
Must-Prepare Quesons (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Comparave Government and Approaches)
1. David Easton’s System Approach
Appeared in: 2021 (Q2), 2023 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Always asked – Easton’s approach forms the foundaon of comparave polics.
Oen repeated directly or with slight variaon (e.g., “crically analyze” or “discuss in
detail”).
Ans: A Fresh Beginning: Understanding Politics Like a Living Organism
Imagine you’re watching a large, complex machine — say, a city’s power grid. Electricity
flows through wires, transformers process it, and in the end, homes light up. Now
imagine what would happen if a transformer broke or if demand suddenly doubled —
the whole system would feel the effect.
David Easton, a famous political scientist, looked at politics in the same way. He believed
that politics is not just a list of leaders, laws, and elections — it’s a living system. Just as
our body depends on the smooth functioning of heart, lungs, and brain, a political
system depends on citizens, institutions, and decisions all working together.
This is where his System Approach comes in — a way to understand how politics
actually works like a living, breathing process.
Who Was David Easton?
Before we go deeper, let’s meet the man behind the theory.
David Easton was a Canadian-born political scientist (1917–2014) who made a huge
contribution to modern political science. He wanted to make political studies more
scientific — not just about history and philosophy, but about how politics really
operates.
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Easton was inspired by biology and engineering, where systems theory was already
popular. Scientists used it to understand how living beings or machines maintain balance
despite constant change. Easton thought, “Why not apply this same idea to politics?”
And that’s how his System Approach to Political Analysis was born — a framework to
see politics as an ongoing cycle of inputs, processes, and outputs, all interacting with the
environment.
The Core Idea: Politics as a System
Let’s imagine a political system like a human body.
• The citizens are like the body’s senses — they see, feel, and send signals.
• The government is like the brain — it receives those signals, processes them, and
decides what to do.
• The laws and policies are like the body’s actions — responses that help maintain
balance.
This continuous process of receiving signals and responding to them keeps the political
system alive.
Easton called this flow of information and action the political system — an
interconnected web of people, ideas, and institutions that convert public demands into
public policies.
The Basic Model of Easton’s System
David Easton’s model is simple but brilliant. It’s built around three key parts: inputs,
processes, and outputs — all happening within an environment.
Let’s understand each part with an example.
1. Inputs — The People’s Voice
Inputs are like the food we give to our body — without them, the system can’t work.
In a political system, inputs come in two forms:
• Demands: What people want from the government.
• Supports: The loyalty, trust, and obedience people show towards the system.
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Let’s imagine citizens are unhappy with rising unemployment. They may hold protests,
write to representatives, or vote for change. These actions represent demands entering
the system.
At the same time, if people respect the law, pay taxes, and participate in elections, that
represents support. Without support, even the best system collapses.
So, inputs = demands + supports from society to the political system.
2. Conversion Process — The Heart of the System
Now comes the main part: how these inputs are converted into outputs.
Inside the political system — in parliaments, ministries, and government offices —
leaders, bureaucrats, and policymakers debate, negotiate, and make decisions. This is
the conversion process or black box, as Easton called it.
It’s called a black box because we can’t always see what happens inside — we only see
what goes in (inputs) and what comes out (outputs).
Example:
People demand jobs → government discusses → policies like “Skill India” or “Startup
India” are created.
Thus, the political system converts public demands into government actions.
3. Outputs — The Government’s Response
Outputs are the results — the laws, decisions, and policies that come out of the system.
They could be new education policies, welfare schemes, economic reforms, or defense
laws — basically, any official action by the government.
These outputs then go back into society, affecting people’s lives — for better or worse.
If people are happy with the government’s response, they’ll continue to support the
system. If not, new demands or protests will emerge — and the cycle begins again.
4. Feedback — The System’s Self-Correcting Mechanism
Easton didn’t stop there. He added a brilliant feature — feedback.
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Feedback means how the public reacts to government policies. It tells the system
whether its decisions are working or not.
Think of feedback as the body’s ability to feel pain or pleasure. If something goes wrong,
we adjust.
Example:
If a government policy reduces unemployment, people show satisfaction, giving positive
feedback.
If the policy fails, people protest, giving negative feedback — forcing the government to
review or change its decision.
Thus, feedback keeps the political system flexible and adaptive.
5. Environment — The World Around the System
Every political system exists within an environment — a mix of social, economic, cultural,
and international factors.
Things like population growth, media influence, climate change, or global politics can
affect how the system functions.
For instance, a war in a neighboring country or a global economic crisis might create
new demands within a nation, forcing the government to take fresh actions.
Hence, the political system and its environment constantly influence each other.
Easton’s Political System: A Simplified Diagram
Here’s a simple visual model of Easton’s System Approach:
Environment
↓
+-------------------+
| INPUTS | ← Demands & Supports
+-------------------+
↓
(Conversion Process)
↓
+-------------------+
| OUTPUTS | → Decisions & Actions
+-------------------+
↑
Feedback
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↑
Environment
This diagram shows how politics is a continuous cycle — a loop of interaction between
people and government.
Easton’s Goal: Stability and Adaptation
David Easton’s main goal was to explain how political systems survive despite constant
challenges.
He said a system remains stable if it:
• Receives continuous support from people,
• Responds effectively to their demands, and
• Adjusts based on feedback.
If the system fails to do so — for example, if it ignores public opinion — it can face
instability, protests, or even collapse.
So, in simple words, Easton’s system is like a balance machine — it keeps adjusting itself
to maintain peace and order in society.
Importance of Easton’s System Approach
Easton’s model brought a fresh wave of thinking in political science. Let’s understand its
major contributions:
1. Scientific Approach:
Easton made political study more systematic and analytical — like a science, not
just philosophy.
2. Focus on Interaction:
He highlighted the constant communication between government and citizens —
showing politics as a two-way process.
3. Understanding Change:
The model helps us see how governments adapt to social, economic, and global
changes.
4. Universal Framework:
It can be applied to any political system — democratic or authoritarian,
developed or developing.
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5. Foundation for Policy Studies:
Many later theories on decision-making and governance evolved from Easton’s
model.
Criticisms of Easton’s System Approach
Even though Easton’s model was revolutionary, it wasn’t perfect. Some scholars raised
valid points:
1. Too Abstract:
Critics said the model is too general and doesn’t explain specific political events
or behavior.
2. Neglects Power and Conflict:
Real politics often involves struggle, manipulation, and inequality — aspects that
Easton’s model simplifies.
3. Focus on Stability:
His model emphasizes balance and stability, but sometimes political systems
thrive through change and conflict.
4. Western Bias:
Some said it fits Western democratic systems better than developing countries
with different political cultures.
Still, despite these limitations, Easton’s approach remains one of the most respected
frameworks in political science.
The Beauty of the System
Let’s end this discussion with a story-like reflection.
Imagine a tree. The roots (citizens) absorb water (demands), the trunk (government)
processes it, and the leaves (policies) give back oxygen (benefits) to the environment. If
something goes wrong — say, the soil dries up — the tree sends signals to its roots and
adjusts.
That’s exactly how David Easton saw a political system — an organic cycle of give-and-
take between people and power.
It’s not just about elections or leaders; it’s about how every complaint, suggestion, and
law becomes part of a grand cycle that keeps society functioning.
Easton taught us that the health of any political system depends not on silence but on
communication — a continuous dialogue between citizens and the state.
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Conclusion
David Easton’s System Approach transformed how we view politics. He helped us move
beyond the idea of politics as a game of power or a set of institutions. Instead, he made
us see it as a system of life, where every individual, idea, and action plays a role in
maintaining balance.
By showing the constant flow of inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback, Easton gave
us a map of how modern governments survive, adapt, and respond to change.
In simple words, his theory reminds us that:
“A political system lives as long as it listens, responds, and evolves.”
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